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- <text id=94TT0223>
- <title>
- Feb. 21, 1994: The Arts & Media:Books
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Feb. 21, 1994 The Star-Crossed Olympics
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- THE ARTS & MEDIA, Page 68
- Books
- Closing The Last Chapter
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>With unsentimental passion and chilling clarity, a surgeon reflects
- movingly on life's final mystery: death
- </p>
- <p>By John Elson
- </p>
- <p> It is the "undiscover'd country," as Hamlet put it. It may
- be life's last mystery, the only truly private realm, since
- sex today is practically a spectator sport. What are the contours
- of this frightening place? What does it look like, feel like?
- How does it sound? These are questions that Dr. Sherwin B. Nuland
- seeks to answer in How We Die (Knopf; 278 pages; $24), a series
- of eloquent and uncommonly moving reflections on what his subtitle
- calls "life's final chapter."
- </p>
- <p> Thousands of tomes have been composed about death, but few of
- them, the author notes, are by those who see the experience
- most often and up close: physicians and nurses. Nuland is a
- surgeon who also teaches the history of medicine at Yale. He
- has the rare ability--like John McPhee exploring a geological
- fault--to explain the abstruse in language that can be both
- meticulously exact and wondrously evocative. In a chapter on
- cancer, for instance, his description of how the cells operate
- contains this startling analogy: "In the community of living
- tissues, the uncontrolled mob of misfits that is cancer behaves
- like a gang of perpetually wilding adolescents. They are the
- juvenile delinquents of cellular society."
- </p>
- <p> Nuland writes about death with unsentimental passion. In an
- opening episode--which squeamish readers may find hard to
- get through without wincing--he describes his first professional
- encounter with the phenomenon. As a third-year medical student,
- he was checking on a 52-year-old male who had entered the hospital
- with chest pains when the patient suddenly had a massive, life-ending
- heart attack. In a state of preternatural calm, Nuland responded
- as his training had taught him: he grabbed a scalpel and scissors,
- cut open the man's chest and began massaging the still twitching
- heart. The organ, he recalls, felt like "a wet, jellylike bagful
- of hyperactive worms."
- </p>
- <p> The rescue effort was for naught. Venting a death rattle, the
- patient "threw back his head once more and, staring upward at
- the ceiling with the glassy, unseeing gaze of open dead eyes,
- roared out to the distant heavens a dreadful rasping whoop that
- sounded like the hounds of hell were barking." The intern on
- duty assured Nuland he had done all that could be done. Conscious
- only of his failure, the doctor-to-be wept uncontrollably.
- </p>
- <p> How We Die contains vivid accounts, based on individual case
- histories, of death's major causes, from accidents to Alzheimer's
- to AIDS. One of Nuland's case histories involves a drug addict
- and AIDS victim he calls Ishmael Garcia. With chilling clarity,
- the author describes Garcia's gradual and painful "descent into
- the valley of fever and incoherence" via pneumonia, meningitis
- and lymphoma of the brain. As he lay dying, Garcia was taking
- 14 experimental medications, none of which slowed what Nuland
- calls "a jet-propelled pestilence." Death certificates require
- that attending doctors state a cause; Nuland points out that
- for most of the elderly the villain is old age. Bodies wear
- out like old machines, as Thomas Jefferson, then 78, sagely
- wrote to the 81-year-old John Adams in 1814: "We must expect
- that, worn as they are, here a pivot, there a wheel, now a pinion,
- next a spring, will be giving way: and however we may tinker
- them up for a while, all will at length surcease."
- </p>
- <p> Nuland applauds the wonders achieved by modern high-tech medicine.
- Nonetheless, in several chapters he excoriates the arrogance
- and hubris of medical specialists, who so frequently take charge
- of patients with a terminal disease. Forgetting that most people
- in extremis want a peaceful and painless end, these experts
- see cancer or heart disease or whatever primarily as riddles
- to be deciphered. Thus they impose upon patients intrusive and
- painful procedures that marginally extend their days on earth
- but do little to enhance the quality of their fading life.
- </p>
- <p> What of the Hippocratic oath--the doctor's imperative to save
- lives whenever possible? Nuland argues that patients have the
- right to determine the proper time for them to go. He has no
- use for specialists in assisted suicides--"accoucheurs to
- the grave," he scornfully calls them--but considers it permissible
- for doctors to abet the process of dying in cases of unendurable
- pain. The ideal death, Nuland believes, takes place amid loved
- ones, in the familiar comfort of home or hospice. Sadly, 80%
- of the elderly die in hospitals, denied tranquillity by the
- whole armory of science. "The beeping and squealing monitors,
- the hissing of respirators and pistoned mattresses, the flashing
- multicolored electronic signals"--all these conspire to deny
- patients a dignified departure.
- </p>
- <p> Some doctors impose desperate, life-extending measures out of
- the conviction that to do otherwise would be to deprive people
- of hope. They are mistaken, argues Nuland. "The greatest dignity
- to be found in death is the dignity of the life that preceded
- it," he writes. "Hope resides in the meaning of what our lives
- have been." And death is meaningful for another reason, he insists.
- Humankind belongs to an ecosystem that is based on rebirth and
- renewal, with old lives passing away to make room for new ones.
- "In my end is my beginning," wrote T.S. Eliot, quoting Mary,
- Queen of Scots' motto. He could have added, In my end is their
- beginning also.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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